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[Music]

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September the 1st

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1939 German troops thrust deep into

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Poland to win a Swift and absolute

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Victory barely 20 years earlier their

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forefathers had also been on the March

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but back into their Homeland as a

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defeated

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Army in November 1918 after 4 years of

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World War I Germany's Emperor Kaiser

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wihelm II had been forced to

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applicate his armies were being ground

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down by by a remorseless offensive by

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British French and US

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troops his people faced

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[Music]

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snation but already a dangerous myth was

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taking

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route the German generals and troops

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claimed that they hadn't been defeated

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in battle but betrayed by their own

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cowardly

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politicians even so at 11: in the

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morning on November the 11th 1918 the

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11th Hour of the 11th day of the 11th

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month World War I came to an

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[Music]

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end the following month President woodro

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Wilson of the United States arrived in

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Europe promising to create a new world

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order he persuaded the world's leaders

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to sign up to a new League of Nations

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at the Treaty of versailes they agreed

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that from now on disputes between

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countries would be resolved not by

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fighting but by debate in the

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league the peoples of Europe were set

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free Germany's Ally the ostroh Hungarian

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Empire was dismembered out of it new

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nations were created Austria Poland

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Hungary Czechoslovakia I Yugoslavia lvia

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Lithuania and Estonia Germany itself was

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greatly reduced in

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size but this process contained a time

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bomb not everyone celebrated the birth

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of countries like

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Czechoslovakia several of them contained

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substantial German

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minorities one day the desire to reunite

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the German peoples would come to haunt

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Europe

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the war torn German people also had one

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final indignity inflicted on them they

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were forced to pay a massive 6.6 billion

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in reparations to France and Britain

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something they could ill

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afford and when he returned to America

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Wilson's New World Order immediately

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fell apart the US Congress decided it

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could not risk being sucked into another

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wall in Europe it refused to join his

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league and the US withdrew into

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isolationism Germany was now a very

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different Nation it was still Europe's

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biggest country but its militaristic

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monarchy had gone it had become a

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democracy but its government the

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so-called viar Republic was soon struck

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by a series of hammer BLS

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Street battles erupted between extreme

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right-wing nationalists and Communists

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trying to start a

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revolution then in

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1923 the country was devastated by

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hyperinflation which reached hundreds of

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perent a

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month ordinary people's savings were

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wiped

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out this was fertile ground for a new

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breed of Rabel rousing rightwing Poli

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[Music]

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among them Adolf

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Hitler Hitler had been born in Austria

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he had fought bravely as a soldier in

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World War I and been awarded the iron

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cross on returning to Germany he settled

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in Munich and his fiery oratory soon

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enabled him to seize control of the

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small National Socialist or Nazi party

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in October 1923 Hitler and his henchmen

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attempted an armed coup against the viar

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government it failed and he was

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sentenced to 9

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[Music]

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months in prison he wrote a book my Camp

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my struggle in which he blamed Germany's

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Hills on the Jews and demanded that it

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rebuild its strength and seek new

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territories in the east

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on his release he set about building the

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Nazis into a proper disciplined

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political

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party from now on he would use the

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democratic system to achieve

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power but for the next 5 years viar

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Germany prospered support for extremist

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parties left and right

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dwindled then suddenly Hitler's

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opportunity arrived

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in October 1929 the US Stock Market

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crashed billions of dollars were lost

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and an economic depression swept across

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the

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[Music]

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world unemployment in Germany soared to

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over 6 million only extremist

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politicians seemed to offer a solution

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politicians like Hitler by 1931 his

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Nazis were a true mass

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movement and they had their own Brown

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shirted thugs the sa storm troops who

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numbered almost 3

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million in the 1932 elections the Nazis

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became the largest party in Germany's

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Parliament the

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RAR but Hitler refused to join a

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coalition leaving Parliament

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paralyzed to break the arm pass

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president Hindenburg made him Chancellor

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in January

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1933 head of the

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government within a month the rag burned

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out Hitler accused the Communists and

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demanded emergency Powers he then used

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them to ban all other political

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parties in August 1934 president

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Hindenberg died Hitler declared himself

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president he was now absolute leader the

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fur of

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[Applause]

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Germany at first there was little sign

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of what was to

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come the next 3 years the fura

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concentrated on rebuilding Germany's

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economy he spent Millions on Public

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Works including the 5,000m auto system

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to soak up the

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unemployed but in secret Hitler was also

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spending lavishly on a huge rearmament

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program under the Versa treaty the

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German Army had been limited to 100,000

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men the country was forbidden to have an

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Air Force tanks or submarines

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this small army was trebled in size then

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in

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1935 Hitler came out into the open he

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unveiled a brand new Air Force the Luft

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vafer it had 2 and a half thousand

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planes far more than Britain or

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France unemployment plunged and the

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Nazis became enormously

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[Applause]

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popular now embolden nefa made his first

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expansionist move in 1935 he reoccupied

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the saan district on the French border

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after it voted to return from League of

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Nations to German

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board a year later he sent German troops

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into the reinand part of Germany which

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had been demilitarized at their

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side at the time many felt that Hitler

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was only claiming back what was

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rightfully Germany's neither Britain nor

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France

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objected when Berlin hosted the 1936

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Olympic Games the Nazis were seen by

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many as firm but fair a government which

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was restoring the nation's pride and

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which didn't threaten

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anyone of course there were signs the

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1935 nurenberg laws for bad Jews to

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marry true Aryan Germans and deprive

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them of their

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citizenship but when the first threats

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came to world peace they didn't come

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from Hitler at

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all but from somewhere else

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entirely Japan at the start of the 20th

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century was already a military

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power it had defeated Russia in a war in

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1905 and it had fought alongside the

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Allies in World War

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I after the war Japan was an

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acknowledged world

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power and it signed up to the League of

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Nations but politically it was a mess of

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contradictions nominally near democracy

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the feudal tradition was still strong

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Most Japanese revered their Emperor as a

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living God and regarded him as their

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true

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leader and the country faced major

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economic problems its population was

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exploded and it had no natural resources

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to fuel its rapidly expanding

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Industries its leaders needed Solutions

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and they saw them in Chinese Manu

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Manchuria was a land of Rich grain

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Fields with plenty of coal and

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minerals it was a perfect Target

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Japanese troops were already stationed

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there other possible targets were the

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colonies ruled by the European powers

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Burma Mala and Hong Kong controlled by

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Britain Indochina ruled by France and

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the Dutch East India

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but at this stage Japan had to be

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cautious they didn't want to Rouse the

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other great power in the

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Pacific the United

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States for all its Anti-Imperialist

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slogans the US actually ran an

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unofficial Empire in the Pacific the

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Philippines Guam and several islands

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were under its direct

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rule it undoubtedly had the strength to

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take on Japan but since the end of World

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War I it had had other

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[Music]

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distractions this was America's Jazz

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Age throughout the 1920s a nation

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concentrated on exploiting its vast

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resources it was an economic boom that

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seemed Without End

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fortunes were made both in industry and

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the stock

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markets America seemed lost to the

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increasing pursuit of

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pleasure with distractions like these

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Japan's growing pains in the Pacific

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seemed very far

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away America had slashed its Army after

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World War I and agreed a naval reduction

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treaty with Britain France and

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Japan this in effect handed Naval

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superiority in the Pacific to the

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Japanese and then came the Great

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Depression as the economic Devastation

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spread a quarter of the population lost

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their jobs tens of thousands were made

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homeless living in Shanty

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towns whereas before it had been

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distracted by Pleasure now America was

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distracted by pain it was time for Japan

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to make her

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move in 1931 without even informing

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their own elected government the

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Japanese forces in Manchuria seized the

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capital M death and then overround the

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rest of the

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territory a puppet state Manu qu was

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proclaimed under a puppet ruler Henry

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Pui The Last Emperor of China who had

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been deposed in 1911 was dragged out of

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retirement at its headquarters in Geneva

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the League of Nations now faced its

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first great test Japan was universally

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condemned but her response was blunt

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Japan however find it impossible to

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accept the report adopted by the

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assembly the Japanese then just walked

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out and the league suddenly realized

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there was nothing it could do about

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manua

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Japan was declared an international

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Pariah but it didn't care its leaders

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had turned their eyes to further

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conquests in

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China these were easy pickings China was

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in a state of chaos the government of

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generalisimo changai Sheek was locked in

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conflict with the Chinese Communist

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Party under

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ma there was Civil War

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in 1936 as a precursor to Invasion the

286
00:16:36,319 --> 00:16:41,319
Japanese signed a pact with Hitler the

287
00:16:39,079 --> 00:16:45,399
aim was to guard against any attack by

288
00:16:41,319 --> 00:16:45,399
Soviet Russia were it to move on

289
00:16:47,079 --> 00:16:53,720
China then in July 1937 the Japanese

290
00:16:51,079 --> 00:16:56,920
provoked an incident with Chinese troops

291
00:16:53,720 --> 00:16:56,920
and invaded

292
00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:09,760
at first the Chinese were taken by

293
00:17:10,559 --> 00:17:15,799
surprise but they soon fought back

294
00:17:13,199 --> 00:17:19,559
fiercely the Communists even joining the

295
00:17:15,799 --> 00:17:19,559
Quan Tang in a United

296
00:17:20,360 --> 00:17:26,559
F the Japanese responded with amphibious

297
00:17:23,640 --> 00:17:31,360
Landings by the end of 1937 they had

298
00:17:26,559 --> 00:17:31,360
overrun much of northern China and the

299
00:17:32,170 --> 00:17:39,440
[Music]

300
00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:44,280
coast the Japanese fought this war with

301
00:17:39,440 --> 00:17:46,320
exceptional brutality bombing cities

302
00:17:44,280 --> 00:17:48,200
indiscriminately westerners living in

303
00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:51,640
the commercial center the port of

304
00:17:48,200 --> 00:17:56,120
Shanghai were now evacuated the city was

305
00:17:51,640 --> 00:17:56,120
then besieged for three months

306
00:17:58,230 --> 00:18:01,319
[Music]

307
00:18:09,450 --> 00:18:15,520
[Music]

308
00:18:12,919 --> 00:18:17,799
it suffered widespread damage the

309
00:18:15,520 --> 00:18:21,120
Japanese forces showing no pity or

310
00:18:17,799 --> 00:18:21,120
concern for the native

311
00:18:22,280 --> 00:18:27,799
population but it was after the capture

312
00:18:24,520 --> 00:18:29,320
of Nan King then the Chinese capital on

313
00:18:27,799 --> 00:18:32,919
December the 17th

314
00:18:29,320 --> 00:18:36,159
1937 that the Japanese forces really ran

315
00:18:32,919 --> 00:18:38,640
along over 300,000 civilians are

316
00:18:36,159 --> 00:18:42,760
estimated to have been massacred during

317
00:18:38,640 --> 00:18:46,349
a 6 we orgy of rape and indiscriminate

318
00:18:42,760 --> 00:18:46,349
[Music]

319
00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:51,280
killing the Japanese even attacked

320
00:18:49,159 --> 00:18:55,039
British and US warships which had been

321
00:18:51,280 --> 00:18:57,280
sent to protect their shipping and

322
00:18:55,039 --> 00:18:59,520
trade the worst incident came on

323
00:18:57,280 --> 00:19:02,559
December the 12th 1936

324
00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:07,200
the American gunboat pan was sunk by

325
00:19:02,559 --> 00:19:07,200
Japanese bombers 50 crewmen

326
00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:12,720
died despite this the Western Powers

327
00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:15,760
refused to

328
00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:18,039
intervene so the League of Nations could

329
00:19:15,760 --> 00:19:18,039
do

330
00:19:18,720 --> 00:19:23,559
nothing in the United States President

331
00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:25,120
Roosevelt wanted to impose a naval

332
00:19:23,559 --> 00:19:28,799
blockade of

333
00:19:25,120 --> 00:19:32,200
Japan it has become clear that acts and

334
00:19:28,799 --> 00:19:37,320
policies of nations in other parts of

335
00:19:32,200 --> 00:19:40,159
the world have far-reaching effects on

336
00:19:37,320 --> 00:19:43,039
us but the British would have none of it

337
00:19:40,159 --> 00:19:45,799
fearing that it might provoke a war so

338
00:19:43,039 --> 00:19:50,679
all Roosevelt could offer was a $25

339
00:19:45,799 --> 00:19:50,679
million loan to chanai Sheek to buy

340
00:19:50,880 --> 00:19:56,120
arms even though the Communists were now

341
00:19:53,520 --> 00:19:58,840
fighting alongside the Quin Tang the

342
00:19:56,120 --> 00:20:01,000
Soviet Union did little to help either

343
00:19:58,840 --> 00:20:04,720
its only involvement was a series of

344
00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:04,720
clashes along its own border with

345
00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:13,679
manuri but China itself received nothing

346
00:20:09,840 --> 00:20:13,679
instead it had to fight on

347
00:20:15,880 --> 00:20:22,760
alone during 1938 the Japanese overran

348
00:20:20,080 --> 00:20:25,760
Canton and pushed the Chinese forces

349
00:20:22,760 --> 00:20:28,200
deeper into the west of the country all

350
00:20:25,760 --> 00:20:30,880
the rhetoric of the League of Nations

351
00:20:28,200 --> 00:20:34,000
all those promises to stop International

352
00:20:30,880 --> 00:20:35,760
aggression had come to nothing and by

353
00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:39,360
now the Western Powers were facing

354
00:20:35,760 --> 00:20:39,360
aggression much closer to

355
00:20:43,350 --> 00:20:52,690
[Applause]

356
00:20:48,770 --> 00:20:52,690
[Music]

357
00:20:56,440 --> 00:21:02,320
home today it is easy easy to love at

358
00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:05,640
Bonito musini the fascist dictator of

359
00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:08,280
Italy all that posturing seems faintly

360
00:21:05,640 --> 00:21:10,960
ridiculous now but it didn't seem that

361
00:21:08,280 --> 00:21:10,960
way in

362
00:21:11,760 --> 00:21:16,840
[Music]

363
00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:19,200
1922 back then Italy had seemed to be on

364
00:21:16,840 --> 00:21:22,480
the edge of Anarchy the country was

365
00:21:19,200 --> 00:21:25,200
Riven by strikes and land

366
00:21:22,480 --> 00:21:27,640
seizes the democratic government just as

367
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:29,279
in Germany seemed powerless in the face

368
00:21:27,640 --> 00:21:32,400
of such unrest

369
00:21:29,279 --> 00:21:35,240
so Bonito musolini a war veteran and a

370
00:21:32,400 --> 00:21:38,279
journalist decided to take a stand he

371
00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:40,480
organized a right-wing nationalist party

372
00:21:38,279 --> 00:21:40,480
the

373
00:21:40,720 --> 00:21:46,679
fascists with a country Paralyzed by a

374
00:21:43,400 --> 00:21:50,440
general strike in August 1922 musolini

375
00:21:46,679 --> 00:21:50,440
ordered his followers to march on

376
00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:56,919
roof fearing a civil war Italy's King

377
00:21:54,640 --> 00:21:59,919
Victor Emanuel asked him to form a

378
00:21:56,919 --> 00:21:59,919
government

379
00:22:07,159 --> 00:22:12,240
musolini swiftly Stamped Out any

380
00:22:09,720 --> 00:22:15,080
political opposition and assumed

381
00:22:12,240 --> 00:22:15,080
dictatorial

382
00:22:19,080 --> 00:22:25,120
Powers by 1928 his position seemed

383
00:22:22,360 --> 00:22:28,200
secure Parliament was appointed rather

384
00:22:25,120 --> 00:22:31,350
than elected and all power was firmly in

385
00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:34,840
the hand hands of the fascist Grand

386
00:22:31,350 --> 00:22:38,640
[Music]

387
00:22:34,840 --> 00:22:40,480
Council like Hitler melini's first acts

388
00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:43,559
made him immensely

389
00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:46,000
popular massive programs of Public Works

390
00:22:43,559 --> 00:22:48,480
provided employment and transformed

391
00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:48,480
Italy's

392
00:22:49,279 --> 00:22:56,120
infrastructure corruption was rooted out

393
00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:56,120
and the mafia more or less

394
00:22:56,919 --> 00:23:02,440
eliminated Italy's armed forces were

395
00:22:59,559 --> 00:23:04,720
built up including an advanced modern

396
00:23:02,440 --> 00:23:04,720
Air

397
00:23:05,360 --> 00:23:10,400
Force in the Mediterranean musolini

398
00:23:07,880 --> 00:23:12,600
launched a powerful navy bigger than the

399
00:23:10,400 --> 00:23:15,400
combined might of the British and French

400
00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:15,400
Mediterranean

401
00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:23,080
fleets when the Great Depression came

402
00:23:19,120 --> 00:23:23,080
Italy seemed to weather it better than

403
00:23:23,260 --> 00:23:28,000
[Music]

404
00:23:24,799 --> 00:23:29,480
most melini became a source of worldwide

405
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:32,039
inspiration

406
00:23:29,480 --> 00:23:35,080
political leaders not least Adolf Hitler

407
00:23:32,039 --> 00:23:38,640
in Germany saw the fascist system as a

408
00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:40,279
role model strong and purposeful in

409
00:23:38,640 --> 00:23:43,240
contrast to the weakness of the

410
00:23:40,279 --> 00:23:46,240
democracies in Britain and

411
00:23:43,240 --> 00:23:49,159
France but melini wanted more than

412
00:23:46,240 --> 00:23:52,279
adulation he wanted to recreate the

413
00:23:49,159 --> 00:23:58,320
Roman Empire and he already had a Target

414
00:23:52,279 --> 00:23:58,320
in mind for his first Imperial land grab

415
00:24:01,960 --> 00:24:09,120
his Target was abisinia today's

416
00:24:06,120 --> 00:24:11,720
Ethiopia Italy already had colonies on

417
00:24:09,120 --> 00:24:14,279
its borders in Eritrea and Italian

418
00:24:11,720 --> 00:24:14,279
Somalia

419
00:24:15,279 --> 00:24:21,600
land in December 1934 Italian forces

420
00:24:19,159 --> 00:24:24,480
provoked a clash with Abyssinian troops

421
00:24:21,600 --> 00:24:27,770
at an oasis in the ogaden region well

422
00:24:24,480 --> 00:24:30,880
inside abian territory

423
00:24:27,770 --> 00:24:30,880
[Music]

424
00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:36,159
musolini then sent reinforcements to

425
00:24:33,399 --> 00:24:39,960
Eritrea and Italian Somali land

426
00:24:36,159 --> 00:24:39,960
demanding that abisinia pay

427
00:24:41,240 --> 00:24:46,600
reparations the Emperor of abisinia

428
00:24:43,919 --> 00:24:47,990
Highly salasi appealed in person to the

429
00:24:46,600 --> 00:24:50,960
League of

430
00:24:47,990 --> 00:24:53,240
[Music]

431
00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:56,480
Nations he called on it to live up to

432
00:24:53,240 --> 00:24:59,159
its ideals here was a small nation under

433
00:24:56,480 --> 00:25:03,039
threat from another member of The League

434
00:24:59,159 --> 00:25:04,000
this was the Supreme test but the league

435
00:25:03,039 --> 00:25:06,480
did

436
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:09,200
nothing Britain's foreign minister

437
00:25:06,480 --> 00:25:11,559
Anthony Eden at least tried to broker a

438
00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:13,720
peace deal but musolini would have none

439
00:25:11,559 --> 00:25:13,720
of

440
00:25:13,960 --> 00:25:22,559
it in early October 1935 the Italian

441
00:25:17,600 --> 00:25:22,559
Army invaded from Eritrea and Italian

442
00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:30,640
somaria the Primitive abian forces stood

443
00:25:28,360 --> 00:25:32,990
little chance against a modern Army

444
00:25:30,640 --> 00:25:36,849
equipped with artillery and

445
00:25:32,990 --> 00:25:36,849
[Music]

446
00:25:44,120 --> 00:25:50,679
tax the Italian Air Force had total

447
00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:54,640
command of the air and harried the

448
00:25:50,679 --> 00:25:56,559
absans on occasions dropping gas bombs

449
00:25:54,640 --> 00:25:58,440
even though gas had been outlawed at

450
00:25:56,559 --> 00:26:01,120
versailes

451
00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:01,120
crime against

452
00:26:01,320 --> 00:26:06,159
humanity after 6 months abisinia was

453
00:26:04,399 --> 00:26:09,640
completely

454
00:26:06,159 --> 00:26:12,240
overrun the emperor H salassi fled into

455
00:26:09,640 --> 00:26:12,240
Exile in

456
00:26:13,840 --> 00:26:18,279
Britain from its headquarters in

457
00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:21,399
Switzerland the League of Nations rung

458
00:26:18,279 --> 00:26:25,480
its hands it did impose economic

459
00:26:21,399 --> 00:26:25,480
sanctions but they had little

460
00:26:27,240 --> 00:26:32,919
effect melini's aggression had revealed

461
00:26:30,039 --> 00:26:36,080
two things the League of Nations that

462
00:26:32,919 --> 00:26:39,200
great hope for peace was impotent and

463
00:26:36,080 --> 00:26:42,039
both Europe's supposed major Powers the

464
00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:45,080
democracies Britain and France no longer

465
00:26:42,039 --> 00:26:45,080
had the stomach for a

466
00:26:49,799 --> 00:26:55,039
fight both Britain and France had been

467
00:26:52,360 --> 00:26:59,520
Shattered by World War I and their

468
00:26:55,039 --> 00:26:59,520
economies had never really recovered

469
00:27:01,039 --> 00:27:06,440
both had witnessed waves of strikes and

470
00:27:03,919 --> 00:27:10,520
unrest both had suffered mass

471
00:27:06,440 --> 00:27:10,520
unemployment even before the Great

472
00:27:13,399 --> 00:27:19,080
Depression both also faced the cost of

473
00:27:16,440 --> 00:27:21,679
controlling Empires now swollen by

474
00:27:19,080 --> 00:27:23,760
taking on Germany's former colonies and

475
00:27:21,679 --> 00:27:28,200
the Middle Eastern territories once run

476
00:27:23,760 --> 00:27:28,200
by the Turkish Ottoman Empire

477
00:27:28,520 --> 00:27:34,679
and above all both had been traumatized

478
00:27:31,720 --> 00:27:37,919
by the horrific casualties of World War

479
00:27:34,679 --> 00:27:40,240
I a succession of British leaders Floyd

480
00:27:37,919 --> 00:27:43,279
George Ramsey McDonald and above all

481
00:27:40,240 --> 00:27:46,960
Stanley Baldwin All resolved to keep

482
00:27:43,279 --> 00:27:46,960
Britain out of future

483
00:27:47,399 --> 00:27:51,960
conflicts despite horrific casualties on

484
00:27:49,919 --> 00:27:54,159
the Western Front Britain had ended

485
00:27:51,960 --> 00:27:56,960
World War I with a large and very

486
00:27:54,159 --> 00:27:59,960
effective conscript

487
00:27:56,960 --> 00:28:02,360
Army this was immediately run down to a

488
00:27:59,960 --> 00:28:05,559
small professional Force designed to

489
00:28:02,360 --> 00:28:05,559
police its sprawling

490
00:28:05,760 --> 00:28:10,600
Empire and when the Great Depression

491
00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:13,000
struck any ideas of modernizing the army

492
00:28:10,600 --> 00:28:15,720
were abandoned it meant that Britain

493
00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:18,680
went into the runup to war economically

494
00:28:15,720 --> 00:28:21,880
and militarily

495
00:28:18,680 --> 00:28:24,720
[Music]

496
00:28:21,880 --> 00:28:27,710
weak French losses during World War I

497
00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:30,279
had been even worse than the British

498
00:28:27,710 --> 00:28:32,799
[Music]

499
00:28:30,279 --> 00:28:35,200
ever mistrustful of the Germans a large

500
00:28:32,799 --> 00:28:37,799
conscript Army was maintained but

501
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:40,559
throughout the 1920s France's birth rate

502
00:28:37,799 --> 00:28:42,799
had declined it became clear that there

503
00:28:40,559 --> 00:28:44,120
would be a Manpower shortage by the mid

504
00:28:42,799 --> 00:28:47,200
to late

505
00:28:44,120 --> 00:28:49,399
1930s France realized it could never

506
00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:51,760
compete with Germany on the size of its

507
00:28:49,399 --> 00:28:51,760
Army

508
00:28:55,360 --> 00:29:02,000
alone the solution was to ad adopt an

509
00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:02,000
entirely defensive

510
00:29:02,300 --> 00:29:08,440
[Music]

511
00:29:05,080 --> 00:29:11,159
mentality the majino line a series of

512
00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:13,760
fortifications was begun in 1930 along

513
00:29:11,159 --> 00:29:16,559
the frontier with Germany and ran as far

514
00:29:13,760 --> 00:29:16,559
as the Belgian

515
00:29:17,240 --> 00:29:24,519
border there it theoretically linked up

516
00:29:20,519 --> 00:29:24,519
with fortifications planned by the

517
00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:28,760
belgians this new French military

518
00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:30,440
approach

519
00:29:28,760 --> 00:29:33,720
meant that France was only capable of

520
00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:35,840
waging a defensive War it just did not

521
00:29:33,720 --> 00:29:38,480
have the ability to launch an attack on

522
00:29:35,840 --> 00:29:41,080
Italy even if the British had had the

523
00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:41,080
troops to

524
00:29:41,159 --> 00:29:45,840
help and of course both countries knew

525
00:29:43,760 --> 00:29:50,480
that their navies in the Mediterranean

526
00:29:45,840 --> 00:29:50,480
were outnumbered by melini's new

527
00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:58,960
Fleet so when Italy conquered abisinia

528
00:29:56,600 --> 00:30:02,600
it made sense for both powers was to do

529
00:29:58,960 --> 00:30:06,240
nothing it just seemed too remote too

530
00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:06,240
much someone else's

531
00:30:10,159 --> 00:30:14,399
problem by now they both had to deal

532
00:30:12,640 --> 00:30:17,320
with all the traumas of the Great

533
00:30:14,399 --> 00:30:20,279
Depression that seemed so much more

534
00:30:17,320 --> 00:30:22,679
pressing and above all they were now

535
00:30:20,279 --> 00:30:24,880
faced with a military threat far closer

536
00:30:22,679 --> 00:30:24,880
to

537
00:30:26,039 --> 00:30:31,480
home the resurgent and rearming

538
00:30:32,200 --> 00:30:38,120
Germany and Germany's power and that of

539
00:30:35,080 --> 00:30:40,440
Italy too was soon about to be

540
00:30:38,120 --> 00:30:42,039
demonstrated in supporting the rise of

541
00:30:40,440 --> 00:30:45,279
another

542
00:30:42,039 --> 00:30:45,279
dictator in

543
00:30:53,640 --> 00:31:00,840
Spain in 1936 Civil War erupted in Spain

544
00:30:58,399 --> 00:31:03,679
it was exceptionally vicious setting

545
00:31:00,840 --> 00:31:07,840
family against family communist against

546
00:31:03,679 --> 00:31:07,840
fascist Believers against

547
00:31:08,670 --> 00:31:14,240
[Music]

548
00:31:10,559 --> 00:31:16,279
atheists in 1931 a left-wing government

549
00:31:14,240 --> 00:31:19,320
had come to power determined to get rid

550
00:31:16,279 --> 00:31:22,519
of the centuries old Spanish

551
00:31:19,320 --> 00:31:26,639
monarchy the King was forced into Exile

552
00:31:22,519 --> 00:31:26,639
and a republic was declared

553
00:31:29,120 --> 00:31:34,960
in February 1936 the parties of the left

554
00:31:32,519 --> 00:31:36,840
combined in a popular front to take on

555
00:31:34,960 --> 00:31:41,480
the forces of the right in a general

556
00:31:36,840 --> 00:31:41,480
election the popular front won

557
00:31:42,440 --> 00:31:48,039
narrowly even though its reform program

558
00:31:45,159 --> 00:31:50,240
was modest the wave of strikes and land

559
00:31:48,039 --> 00:31:54,880
seizes led the right to fear that a

560
00:31:50,240 --> 00:31:54,880
communist takeover was inevitable

561
00:31:54,920 --> 00:32:00,960
[Music]

562
00:31:58,240 --> 00:32:03,679
within the Spanish Army Long a Bastion

563
00:32:00,960 --> 00:32:05,880
of conservative and Catholic thinking

564
00:32:03,679 --> 00:32:08,519
senior officers began to consider the

565
00:32:05,880 --> 00:32:12,039
possibility of a

566
00:32:08,519 --> 00:32:14,760
coup among them was General Francisco

567
00:32:12,039 --> 00:32:16,880
Franco a former Chief of Staff who had

568
00:32:14,760 --> 00:32:18,580
been effectively exiled to command

569
00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:21,800
Spain's forces in the Canary

570
00:32:18,580 --> 00:32:21,800
[Music]

571
00:32:23,200 --> 00:32:28,760
Islands on July the 17th

572
00:32:26,159 --> 00:32:33,519
1936 the units of the army fighting

573
00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:33,519
guerillas in Spain's colony in Morocco

574
00:32:33,840 --> 00:32:39,320
mutin the next day Franco flew to join

575
00:32:36,799 --> 00:32:43,159
them proclaiming a new nationalist

576
00:32:39,320 --> 00:32:46,159
movement which would save Spain from

577
00:32:43,159 --> 00:32:47,960
communism Mainland garrisons now join

578
00:32:46,159 --> 00:32:50,480
this

579
00:32:47,960 --> 00:32:52,720
Revolt the popular front responded by

580
00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:58,159
calling for volunteers to defend the

581
00:32:52,720 --> 00:32:58,159
Republic Battle lines had been drawn

582
00:33:00,440 --> 00:33:05,840
at first Franco faced problems he and

583
00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:07,760
his army were in North Africa and he had

584
00:33:05,840 --> 00:33:10,679
to get across the Straits of Gibralter

585
00:33:07,760 --> 00:33:16,080
back to smain so he turned to the one

586
00:33:10,679 --> 00:33:16,080
person he thought might help Adolf

587
00:33:18,559 --> 00:33:24,279
Hitler within a month Transport Aircraft

588
00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:26,880
from Hitler's new Luft buffer had begun

589
00:33:24,279 --> 00:33:30,639
an airlift taking Franco's battle

590
00:33:26,880 --> 00:33:30,639
hardened veterans over to southern

591
00:33:37,840 --> 00:33:44,000
Spain at this stage the republics still

592
00:33:41,240 --> 00:33:46,519
seem to have the advantage the pro

593
00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:49,519
Franco military uprisings in Madrid and

594
00:33:46,519 --> 00:33:53,600
Barcelona were quickly crushed leaving

595
00:33:49,519 --> 00:33:53,600
it in control of most of the east of the

596
00:33:55,519 --> 00:34:00,919
country Franco's nationalist were

597
00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:03,480
confined largely to the Northwest and

598
00:34:00,919 --> 00:34:03,480
part of the

599
00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:12,000
South but the Nationalist situation was

600
00:34:09,240 --> 00:34:16,079
transformed when Hitler and musolini

601
00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:16,079
started to pour in troops and

602
00:34:17,560 --> 00:34:23,280
weapons the German dictator seized the

603
00:34:20,240 --> 00:34:25,800
opportunity to test his new equipment

604
00:34:23,280 --> 00:34:28,760
and expanding armed

605
00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:32,240
forces the first pan tanks were sent

606
00:34:28,760 --> 00:34:34,800
along with some 12,000

607
00:34:32,240 --> 00:34:37,520
troops and the LT buffer deployed its

608
00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:40,200
Condor Legion with its ultramodern new

609
00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:40,200
bombers and

610
00:34:47,280 --> 00:34:53,599
Fighters musolini sent a so-called

611
00:34:49,960 --> 00:34:57,320
volunteer core of ,000 men and more than

612
00:34:53,599 --> 00:34:57,320
700 aircraft

613
00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:06,400
in vain did the Republicans appeal to

614
00:35:01,680 --> 00:35:10,040
Britain France and the Soviet Union for

615
00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:12,880
help but London and Paris were scared of

616
00:35:10,040 --> 00:35:15,880
setting off a European War they declared

617
00:35:12,880 --> 00:35:15,880
a policy of

618
00:35:16,500 --> 00:35:20,920
[Music]

619
00:35:18,359 --> 00:35:23,640
non-intervention cynically both Germany

620
00:35:20,920 --> 00:35:25,160
and Italy signed up to this but when it

621
00:35:23,640 --> 00:35:28,040
became obvious that they were still

622
00:35:25,160 --> 00:35:30,640
sending arms to the nationalists Joseph

623
00:35:28,040 --> 00:35:33,800
Stalin the Soviet leader announced that

624
00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:33,800
he would help the

625
00:35:35,599 --> 00:35:39,680
Republic Stalin's worry was the rise of

626
00:35:38,240 --> 00:35:42,200
fascism in

627
00:35:39,680 --> 00:35:44,280
Germany Hitler had made it abundantly

628
00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:47,520
clear that he believed communism to be

629
00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:47,520
Nazism Ultimate

630
00:35:49,480 --> 00:35:54,720
Enemy Stalin saw the Spanish conflict as

631
00:35:52,800 --> 00:35:57,040
a way of keeping Germany and Italy

632
00:35:54,720 --> 00:36:00,040
occupied while building up the Soviet

633
00:35:57,040 --> 00:36:00,040
Union's military

634
00:36:00,240 --> 00:36:06,440
strength about 700 military advisers

635
00:36:03,280 --> 00:36:09,520
were sent along with tanks and fighter

636
00:36:06,440 --> 00:36:13,280
aircraft it was something but no match

637
00:36:09,520 --> 00:36:13,280
for the support Franco had

638
00:36:14,359 --> 00:36:18,760
received in fact the largest source of

639
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:21,240
outside help for the Republic didn't

640
00:36:18,760 --> 00:36:24,599
come from a country at all but from

641
00:36:21,240 --> 00:36:27,560
volunteers the international brigades

642
00:36:24,599 --> 00:36:30,359
about 30,000 leftwing Americans Bri

643
00:36:27,560 --> 00:36:32,839
British French and Germans signed up to

644
00:36:30,359 --> 00:36:32,839
fight in

645
00:36:35,079 --> 00:36:40,319
Spain with their new fascist support the

646
00:36:38,359 --> 00:36:43,319
nationalists were able to open two

647
00:36:40,319 --> 00:36:46,280
fronts one advancing towards Barcelona

648
00:36:43,319 --> 00:36:50,319
from the north the other led by Franco

649
00:36:46,280 --> 00:36:53,880
pushing up towards Madrid from the

650
00:36:50,319 --> 00:36:56,720
south by the end of 1936 Madrid was

651
00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:59,520
enveloped on three sides and virtually

652
00:36:56,720 --> 00:36:59,520
Under Siege

653
00:37:00,599 --> 00:37:05,079
the fighting was intense and often

654
00:37:03,079 --> 00:37:07,359
accompanied by appalling atrocities

655
00:37:05,079 --> 00:37:07,359
against

656
00:37:07,480 --> 00:37:13,560
civilians the Republicans hunted down

657
00:37:10,240 --> 00:37:15,720
and murdered Roman Catholic priests the

658
00:37:13,560 --> 00:37:18,240
nationalists slaughtered anyone accused

659
00:37:15,720 --> 00:37:18,240
of being

660
00:37:19,119 --> 00:37:26,520
communist German and Italian airow was

661
00:37:22,520 --> 00:37:30,440
used indiscriminately against civilian

662
00:37:26,520 --> 00:37:33,079
targets Madrid was heavily

663
00:37:30,440 --> 00:37:36,800
bombed but the worst incident came in

664
00:37:33,079 --> 00:37:39,880
April 1937 when the Bas town of genica

665
00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:42,520
was virtually obliterated with 6,000

666
00:37:39,880 --> 00:37:42,520
civilian

667
00:37:44,280 --> 00:37:49,520
deaths the area controlled by the

668
00:37:46,599 --> 00:37:52,280
Republic was steadily ground down its

669
00:37:49,520 --> 00:37:54,400
forces fought with great gallantry but

670
00:37:52,280 --> 00:37:56,160
undertrained and underere equipped

671
00:37:54,400 --> 00:37:59,319
amateur were no match for the

672
00:37:56,160 --> 00:38:01,599
professional soldiers led by Franco or

673
00:37:59,319 --> 00:38:04,200
for the combined modern Weaponry of

674
00:38:01,599 --> 00:38:04,200
Italy and

675
00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:11,040
Germany as the war dragged on the

676
00:38:09,040 --> 00:38:13,480
fighting around Madrid became a symbol

677
00:38:11,040 --> 00:38:16,800
of the left's determination not to be

678
00:38:13,480 --> 00:38:16,800
crushed by a fascist

679
00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:22,200
dictatorship but behind the scenes the

680
00:38:19,599 --> 00:38:24,680
Republican Alliance was falling apart

681
00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:26,319
the Communists and socialists wanted to

682
00:38:24,680 --> 00:38:29,240
concentrate on winning a military

683
00:38:26,319 --> 00:38:31,960
victory

684
00:38:29,240 --> 00:38:34,119
but the more idealistic anarchists and

685
00:38:31,960 --> 00:38:38,599
syndicalists saw the war as an

686
00:38:34,119 --> 00:38:38,599
opportunity for a mass Revolution by the

687
00:38:40,079 --> 00:38:44,280
workers these disagreements burst out

688
00:38:42,480 --> 00:38:47,000
into the open in May

689
00:38:44,280 --> 00:38:49,720
1937 fighting broke out in Barcelona

690
00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:54,160
between the anarchists and Communists it

691
00:38:49,720 --> 00:38:54,160
was a fatal weakening of the Republican

692
00:38:55,480 --> 00:39:00,720
courts by the end of 193 38 the

693
00:38:58,440 --> 00:39:03,800
nationalists had penned their enemy into

694
00:39:00,720 --> 00:39:06,400
a small Enclave around Barcelona and

695
00:39:03,800 --> 00:39:08,760
another stretching Eastward from Madrid

696
00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:08,760
to the

697
00:39:13,319 --> 00:39:19,760
coast Madrid continued to hold out but

698
00:39:16,760 --> 00:39:22,760
the international brigades were

699
00:39:19,760 --> 00:39:25,000
withdrawn more and more Nations began to

700
00:39:22,760 --> 00:39:27,200
recognize Franco's government as his

701
00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:29,359
forces closed in for the final assault

702
00:39:27,200 --> 00:39:29,359
on

703
00:39:29,910 --> 00:39:35,720
[Music]

704
00:39:33,240 --> 00:39:38,839
Madrid at the end of March

705
00:39:35,720 --> 00:39:41,720
1939 its Defenders exhausted after

706
00:39:38,839 --> 00:39:44,119
nearly 3 years of fighting the capital

707
00:39:41,720 --> 00:39:44,119
finally

708
00:39:44,510 --> 00:39:51,079
[Music]

709
00:39:48,280 --> 00:39:54,460
surrendered a month later Franco

710
00:39:51,079 --> 00:39:59,319
formally declared hostilities at an end

711
00:39:54,460 --> 00:40:01,839
[Music]

712
00:39:59,319 --> 00:40:05,000
the scars of Spain's Civil War took

713
00:40:01,839 --> 00:40:07,359
years to heal and in some ways they

714
00:40:05,000 --> 00:40:07,359
never

715
00:40:07,640 --> 00:40:14,599
have and internationally Franco's

716
00:40:10,839 --> 00:40:16,960
victory over the Republic proved a

717
00:40:14,599 --> 00:40:18,920
disaster Hitler and musolini were

718
00:40:16,960 --> 00:40:20,920
confirmed in their belief that the

719
00:40:18,920 --> 00:40:25,240
democracies of Britain and France were

720
00:40:20,920 --> 00:40:25,240
impotent to resist any real

721
00:40:25,680 --> 00:40:31,920
pressure while staring despaired of

722
00:40:28,319 --> 00:40:31,920
their willingness to confront

723
00:40:32,680 --> 00:40:37,680
fascism Hitler in particular saw his way

724
00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:40,280
open to begin the aggressive policies

725
00:40:37,680 --> 00:40:42,960
outlined in

726
00:40:40,280 --> 00:40:47,200
mineal even before the Spanish Civil War

727
00:40:42,960 --> 00:40:47,200
ended his armies were on the

728
00:40:52,280 --> 00:40:56,680
march from the moment he became

729
00:40:54,520 --> 00:40:57,839
chancellor of Germany on January the

730
00:40:56,680 --> 00:41:00,200
30th

731
00:40:57,839 --> 00:41:03,960
1933 Hitler had begun to put his

732
00:41:00,200 --> 00:41:03,960
long-term Ambitions into

733
00:41:05,119 --> 00:41:11,160
action on February the 3rd he told his

734
00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:14,079
top commanders that his ultimate aim was

735
00:41:11,160 --> 00:41:17,440
to conquer territory in the East and

736
00:41:14,079 --> 00:41:21,440
ruthlessly germanize it they were

737
00:41:17,440 --> 00:41:21,440
instructed to prepare for a massive

738
00:41:22,800 --> 00:41:27,680
expansion although Germany had been

739
00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:30,640
forbidden tanks a secret Tre treaty with

740
00:41:27,680 --> 00:41:32,839
the Soviet Union in 1923 had allowed the

741
00:41:30,640 --> 00:41:37,560
development of tank designs and

742
00:41:32,839 --> 00:41:37,560
experimentation with new mobile armor

743
00:41:37,680 --> 00:41:42,880
tactics energetic young German officers

744
00:41:40,440 --> 00:41:45,520
like Hein Garian read the theories of

745
00:41:42,880 --> 00:41:47,560
British thinkers like basil little Hart

746
00:41:45,520 --> 00:41:50,280
and Colonel John

747
00:41:47,560 --> 00:41:51,839
fuler they even watched exercises being

748
00:41:50,280 --> 00:41:55,640
carried out by the British during the

749
00:41:51,839 --> 00:41:58,040
1920s on soulsby play it was from these

750
00:41:55,640 --> 00:42:01,160
that they came up with the idea of fast

751
00:41:58,040 --> 00:42:04,359
moving units combining tanks artillery

752
00:42:01,160 --> 00:42:07,760
and infantry that could thrust fast and

753
00:42:04,359 --> 00:42:07,760
deep into enemy

754
00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:15,599
territory Hitler adopted their ideas

755
00:42:12,200 --> 00:42:18,599
with enthusiasm the new Army was to have

756
00:42:15,599 --> 00:42:18,599
three Panza

757
00:42:19,359 --> 00:42:24,720
divisions similarly the new Air Force

758
00:42:21,960 --> 00:42:27,240
the Luft vafer under former World War I

759
00:42:24,720 --> 00:42:30,200
fighter Ace Herman guring had had a

760
00:42:27,240 --> 00:42:30,200
framework to build

761
00:42:31,359 --> 00:42:36,880
on throughout the years in which its Air

762
00:42:34,040 --> 00:42:39,200
Force was officially ban Germany had

763
00:42:36,880 --> 00:42:42,800
kept up its design skills by building

764
00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:47,920
civilian machines and gliding and flying

765
00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:47,920
clubs provided a reserve of potential

766
00:42:48,839 --> 00:42:56,839
aircra Hitler revealed the existence of

767
00:42:51,599 --> 00:42:56,839
the LT baffer in March 1935

768
00:42:58,079 --> 00:43:03,520
he then announced that the Army was to

769
00:42:59,880 --> 00:43:06,140
be increased to 300,000 men and

770
00:43:03,520 --> 00:43:07,480
conscription was

771
00:43:06,140 --> 00:43:09,520
[Music]

772
00:43:07,480 --> 00:43:12,119
reintroduced Britain and France

773
00:43:09,520 --> 00:43:14,920
protested feebly at this flagrant breach

774
00:43:12,119 --> 00:43:18,240
of the Versa

775
00:43:14,920 --> 00:43:21,880
treaty but soon they reluctantly and

776
00:43:18,240 --> 00:43:21,880
slowly began to

777
00:43:25,640 --> 00:43:30,839
rearm until this this point Hitler had

778
00:43:28,079 --> 00:43:33,440
been modest in his goals he had only

779
00:43:30,839 --> 00:43:35,040
taken back what was his the Rhineland

780
00:43:33,440 --> 00:43:38,119
and

781
00:43:35,040 --> 00:43:42,079
saand but now he had a grander Target in

782
00:43:38,119 --> 00:43:42,079
mind his homeland

783
00:43:42,200 --> 00:43:48,720
Austria in 1934 Austrian Nazis had

784
00:43:45,960 --> 00:43:50,839
attempted to seize power and unify the

785
00:43:48,720 --> 00:43:53,599
country with

786
00:43:50,839 --> 00:43:56,119
Germany the austrians after all spoke

787
00:43:53,599 --> 00:43:58,880
German even if they had never been part

788
00:43:56,119 --> 00:44:03,000
of a German state

789
00:43:58,880 --> 00:44:06,040
in February 1938 another Nazi plot was

790
00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:09,800
discovered Austrian Chancellor Kurt Von

791
00:44:06,040 --> 00:44:09,800
shush protested to

792
00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:15,440
Hitler Hitler responded by demanding

793
00:44:13,720 --> 00:44:20,920
that Austria stop mistreating the

794
00:44:15,440 --> 00:44:20,920
Austrian Nazis and Unite with Germany

795
00:44:23,340 --> 00:44:29,920
[Applause]

796
00:44:27,200 --> 00:44:31,720
shush Nik promptly called a referendum

797
00:44:29,920 --> 00:44:34,760
so that the austrians could vote on

798
00:44:31,720 --> 00:44:34,760
whether to remain

799
00:44:35,319 --> 00:44:41,839
independent but on March the 12th 1938

800
00:44:38,920 --> 00:44:44,119
the eve of the referendum Hitler fearing

801
00:44:41,839 --> 00:44:46,520
that it might produce the wrong result

802
00:44:44,119 --> 00:44:49,520
sent in his

803
00:44:46,520 --> 00:44:52,000
troops complete surprise and an

804
00:44:49,520 --> 00:44:54,400
enthusiastic welcome by Nazi

805
00:44:52,000 --> 00:44:57,160
sympathizers made it a bloodless

806
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:59,480
invasion

807
00:44:57,160 --> 00:45:02,480
within hours Hitler announced Austria's

808
00:44:59,480 --> 00:45:05,599
incorporation into the Third Reich a

809
00:45:02,480 --> 00:45:09,240
Sovereign Nation had for the first time

810
00:45:05,599 --> 00:45:12,319
being subsumed into a greater Germany

811
00:45:09,240 --> 00:45:15,000
once again the Western democracies

812
00:45:12,319 --> 00:45:15,000
failed to

813
00:45:16,559 --> 00:45:21,839
react in the summer of 1938 he turned on

814
00:45:19,839 --> 00:45:24,119
his next prey

815
00:45:21,839 --> 00:45:26,280
Czechoslovakia a substantial German

816
00:45:24,119 --> 00:45:29,660
minority lived in the northwest of the

817
00:45:26,280 --> 00:45:31,720
country an area known as the Sudan

818
00:45:29,660 --> 00:45:34,480
[Music]

819
00:45:31,720 --> 00:45:36,960
land these Sudan Germans had been part

820
00:45:34,480 --> 00:45:39,200
of the old Austrian Empire but had been

821
00:45:36,960 --> 00:45:40,750
cut off when Czechoslovakia was created

822
00:45:39,200 --> 00:45:43,000
in

823
00:45:40,750 --> 00:45:45,559
[Music]

824
00:45:43,000 --> 00:45:47,359
1919 this was the time bomb that had

825
00:45:45,559 --> 00:45:49,880
started ticking at the signing of the

826
00:45:47,359 --> 00:45:49,880
Treaty of

827
00:45:51,480 --> 00:45:56,280
Versa Hitler encouraged sodate and

828
00:45:54,040 --> 00:45:58,760
German demands for autonomy and then

829
00:45:56,280 --> 00:46:01,760
threatened a Czech government with Force

830
00:45:58,760 --> 00:46:01,760
if it refused to

831
00:46:01,920 --> 00:46:06,960
agree undaunted the Czech government

832
00:46:04,680 --> 00:46:08,920
ordered General mobilization and

833
00:46:06,960 --> 00:46:11,960
prepared to

834
00:46:08,920 --> 00:46:14,040
resist the czechoslovak Army was large

835
00:46:11,960 --> 00:46:16,079
and well equipped with formidable

836
00:46:14,040 --> 00:46:20,079
fortifications on its Frontier with

837
00:46:16,079 --> 00:46:20,079
Germany Hitler backed

838
00:46:20,440 --> 00:46:24,760
off but then at the beginning of

839
00:46:22,440 --> 00:46:26,680
September concerned that war might be

840
00:46:24,760 --> 00:46:29,040
imminent the British prime minister

841
00:46:26,680 --> 00:46:31,400
never devil Chamberlain decided to act

842
00:46:29,040 --> 00:46:31,400
as a

843
00:46:33,200 --> 00:46:38,880
peacemaker he flew to meet Hitler twice

844
00:46:36,520 --> 00:46:41,119
the Nazi dictator assured him that if he

845
00:46:38,880 --> 00:46:45,240
could have the Sudan land he would make

846
00:46:41,119 --> 00:46:45,240
no further territorial demands in

847
00:46:50,440 --> 00:46:57,280
Europe in Munich on September the 29th

848
00:46:53,880 --> 00:46:59,359
1938 with musolini acting as mediator

849
00:46:57,280 --> 00:47:01,760
France and Britain signed an agreement

850
00:46:59,359 --> 00:47:03,880
giving the Sudan land to Germany in

851
00:47:01,760 --> 00:47:08,920
return for a formal declaration by

852
00:47:03,880 --> 00:47:08,920
Hitler that he have no more territorial

853
00:47:11,240 --> 00:47:16,040
Ambitions Chamberlain flew back to

854
00:47:13,520 --> 00:47:21,280
Britain waving the piece of paper which

855
00:47:16,040 --> 00:47:21,280
he claimed guarantees peace in our

856
00:47:21,760 --> 00:47:28,280
time and so on October the 1st German

857
00:47:25,559 --> 00:47:32,079
troops occupied the Dayton land and

858
00:47:28,280 --> 00:47:34,480
seized the Czech Frontier

859
00:47:32,079 --> 00:47:39,200
fortifications and freed Hitler now

860
00:47:34,480 --> 00:47:39,200
began sizing up his next Target

861
00:47:44,280 --> 00:47:49,680
Poland again the nominal cause was a

862
00:47:46,960 --> 00:47:52,839
German minority marooned as a result of

863
00:47:49,680 --> 00:47:55,520
the Versa treaty

864
00:47:52,839 --> 00:47:58,839
the Hitler demanded the return of the

865
00:47:55,520 --> 00:48:00,880
port of Dan to German control so that

866
00:47:58,839 --> 00:48:01,710
East Prussia could be linked up with the

867
00:48:00,880 --> 00:48:03,520
rest of

868
00:48:01,710 --> 00:48:07,400
[Music]

869
00:48:03,520 --> 00:48:10,079
Germany the polls refused and Hitler

870
00:48:07,400 --> 00:48:12,880
hesitated he was not quite ready for

871
00:48:10,079 --> 00:48:15,520
allout war and he had unfinished

872
00:48:12,880 --> 00:48:15,520
business with

873
00:48:16,280 --> 00:48:22,040
Czechoslovakia in March 1939 the eastern

874
00:48:19,280 --> 00:48:24,520
part of the country Slovakia which was

875
00:48:22,040 --> 00:48:26,920
ethnically different to the Czech lands

876
00:48:24,520 --> 00:48:29,280
appealed to Hitler for help in achieving

877
00:48:26,920 --> 00:48:29,280
greater

878
00:48:30,520 --> 00:48:35,079
Independence Hitler summoned the

879
00:48:32,359 --> 00:48:38,000
czechoslovak Prime Minister Emil hatcha

880
00:48:35,079 --> 00:48:41,480
to Berlin and browbeat him into putting

881
00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:41,480
his country under German

882
00:48:44,520 --> 00:48:49,920
protection German troops now marched

883
00:48:46,920 --> 00:48:52,040
into the rest of Czechoslovakia

884
00:48:49,920 --> 00:48:55,160
unopposed most of the country was

885
00:48:52,040 --> 00:48:58,160
annexed into the re Slovakia was

886
00:48:55,160 --> 00:49:00,119
declared a protector

887
00:48:58,160 --> 00:49:03,760
for the first time Hitler had seized

888
00:49:00,119 --> 00:49:05,839
non-germane speaking territory but again

889
00:49:03,760 --> 00:49:08,440
there was only a feeble protest from

890
00:49:05,839 --> 00:49:10,839
Britain and

891
00:49:08,440 --> 00:49:13,400
France at the end of March he again

892
00:49:10,839 --> 00:49:15,920
repeated his demand that Poland give up

893
00:49:13,400 --> 00:49:18,480
dancing this time France and Britain

894
00:49:15,920 --> 00:49:22,319
declared unequivocally that they would

895
00:49:18,480 --> 00:49:25,599
declare war if he attacked

896
00:49:22,319 --> 00:49:28,440
Poland but by now Hitler cared little

897
00:49:25,599 --> 00:49:32,880
whether they did or not not he was sure

898
00:49:28,440 --> 00:49:32,880
that they would be weak and indecisive

899
00:49:34,920 --> 00:49:40,000
opponents in Russia Stalin had also

900
00:49:37,640 --> 00:49:40,960
become increasingly concerned by

901
00:49:40,000 --> 00:49:43,760
Hitler's

902
00:49:40,960 --> 00:49:45,960
aggression in April Stalin proposed an

903
00:49:43,760 --> 00:49:49,040
alliance with Britain and

904
00:49:45,960 --> 00:49:52,400
France but negotiations made little

905
00:49:49,040 --> 00:49:54,680
progress and finally Stalin despaired

906
00:49:52,400 --> 00:49:57,330
deciding that there was another solution

907
00:49:54,680 --> 00:49:59,559
to the German threat

908
00:49:57,330 --> 00:50:02,359
[Music]

909
00:49:59,559 --> 00:50:04,440
on August the 23rd the Soviet Union and

910
00:50:02,359 --> 00:50:07,680
the Third Reich who everyone had

911
00:50:04,440 --> 00:50:10,160
believed were sworn enemies announced a

912
00:50:07,680 --> 00:50:10,160
non-aggression

913
00:50:10,599 --> 00:50:15,079
pact the agreement secretly specified

914
00:50:13,280 --> 00:50:17,119
that Poland would be split between the

915
00:50:15,079 --> 00:50:22,240
two countries and Stalin would have a

916
00:50:17,119 --> 00:50:22,240
free hand to take over Estonia lava and

917
00:50:24,200 --> 00:50:29,400
Lithuania now free from any Russian

918
00:50:26,839 --> 00:50:33,280
threat Hitler ordered his Armed Forces

919
00:50:29,400 --> 00:50:33,280
to prepare for an immediate

920
00:50:33,920 --> 00:50:39,559
Invasion on the evening of August the

921
00:50:36,240 --> 00:50:42,920
31st the German fairm prepared for the

922
00:50:39,559 --> 00:50:46,420
assault its fura had made the decision

923
00:50:42,920 --> 00:51:14,639
which would plunge the world into war

924
00:50:46,420 --> 00:51:14,639
[Music]